Deconstructing Students’ Language Identities On X: A Nigerian and Malaysian Case Study For Education
DOI:
10.70211/ltsm.v2i2.99Published:
2024-11-03Abstract
This study investigated students’ language deconstruction and identities on X social media technology. The Gen Z’s and Big Data are currently in vogue, which affords this research to enquire using a quantitative methodology. Besides, the online data analytics consisting of the number of likes, repost and comments were gathered from the X social media. Nowadays, the social media acts as an online reservoir for internet data that are readily available for use. Learning analytics are records of students’ activities based on their engagement on social media. However, the respondents in this study were students randomly selected from a two-world perspective on X, consisting of Malaysian and Nigerian students. A detailed data analysis was conducted using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and the results showed a recent decline of students’ engagement in educational discourse using indigenous languages on X. The recent decline was informed by this study’s data, which implies an imminent action is required to ensure the indigenous languages are protected from extinction. This study findings are significant to lecturers, policymakers, researchers and Government in ensuring that more language diversity issues are considered in this 21st century. This research likewise addressed the English language (L2) significance in educational discourse with a recommendation for the inclusion of more indigenous language option on X for diversity and equality purpose.
Keywords:
Language Big Data Social Media Learning analytics Nigeria MalaysiaReferences
B. Ugoala, "Aspersions on THEM, praises on US: Evaluating some Facebook posts on the three presidential candidates in the 2023 general elections in Nigeria," African Soc. Sci. Humanit. J. (ASSHJ), vol. 1309, pp. 117-128, 2024.
D. M. H. Kee, S. Yyadav, H. J. Ngu, N. A. Rajogoval, and N. N. S. binti Mohd Noor, "Acculturative Stress Among International Students: A Case of Malaysian Universities," Asia Pacific J. Manag. Educ., vol. 5, no. 1, Mar. 2022. https://doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v5i1.1425
I. Abubakar et al., "The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation," Lancet, vol. 399, no. 10330, pp. 1155-1200, Mar. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0
N. Makaremi, S. Yildirim, G. T. Morgan, M. F. Touchie, J. A. Jakubiec, and J. B. Robinson, "Impact of classroom environment on student wellbeing in higher education: Review and future directions," Build. Environ., vol. 265, p. 111958, Nov. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111958
W. J. Triplett, "The Role of Technology in Promoting Diversity and Inclusion," Cybersecurity Innov. Technol. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 37-41, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.53889/citj.v1i1.306
J.-B. Son, N. K. Ružić, and A. Philpott, "Artificial intelligence technologies and applications for language learning and teaching," J. China Comput. Lang. Learn., Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/jccall-2023-0015
I. C. Ogbonnaya, "Teachers' Topic-Specific Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Driver in Understanding Graphs in Dynamics of Market," Eur. J. Educ. Res., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1247-1262, Jul. 2024. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.3.1247
Y. Zhao, J. Lu, S. Woodcock, and Y. Ren, "Social Media Web 2.0 Tools Adoption in Language and Literacy Development in Early Years: A Scoping Review," Children, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 1901, Dec. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9121901
Y. S. D. Zhang and K. A. Noels, "Understanding the interrelations between cultural empathy, intercultural communication competence, and the psychosocial adjustment of international students in Canada: A longitudinal examination," Int. J. Intercult. Relations, vol. 102, p. 102023, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102023
T. L. McCarty, "The holistic benefits of education for Indigenous language revitalisation and reclamation (ELR 2 )," J. Multiling. Multicult. Dev., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 927-940, Nov. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1827647
A. Schartner, S. Shields, and Y. Wang, "Voices From the Periphery: Lived Experiences of Women International Students From the Global South Studying at U.K. Universities," Comp. Int. Educ., vol. 53, no. 2, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v53i2.16852
N. Nigar and A. Kostogriz, "Deconstructing Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers' Professional Identity: Looking Through a Hybrid Lens," English Lang. Teach., vol. 12, no. 12, p. 76, Nov. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n12p76
S. Marginson, "Student self-formation: an emerging paradigm in higher education," Stud. High. Educ., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 748-762, Apr. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2252826
G. M. Alam and K. Bashir, "Compatibility of Distributive Leadership, Teacher Autonomy and School Effectiveness in Nigeria," Int. J. Manag. Educ., vol. 18, no. 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIE.2024.10062559
K. L. Madueke, "From neighbours to deadly enemies: excavating landscapes of territoriality and ethnic violence in Jos, Nigeria," J. Contemp. African Stud., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 87-102, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2017.1410529
W. Xu, "The Logic of Linguistic Exchanges and Model of Investment," in Linguistic Entrepreneurship in Sino-African Student Mobility, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024, pp. 73-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2175-7_4
A. W. Little, Development, Education and Learning in Sri Lanka. UCL Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781800081550
E. T. Woldegiorgis and C. Q. Yu, Critical Reflections on the Internationalisation of Higher Education in the Global South. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1108/9781804557785
Z. Y. Zakaria, A. Minalla, and F. A. Phang, "Developing Theoretical Framework for Evaluation of Engineering Education in Sub-Saharan African Countries," Int. J. Adv. Res. Futur. Ready Learn. Educ., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 52-74, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.37934/frle.35.1.5274
J. A. Ozoemena, F. U. Ngwoke, and B. O. Nwokolo, "Prospects of Mother Tongue as a Medium of Instruction in Nigerian Primary Level Education," English Lang. Teach., vol. 14, no. 4, p. 1, Mar. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v14n4p1
M. M. Rahman and M. K. M. Singh, "English and Malay language policy and planning in Malaysia," Training, Lang. Cult., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 36-46, Dec. 2021. https://doi.org/10.22363/2521-442X-2021-5-4-36-46
T. E. Obiakor, "Language of instruction policy in Nigeria: Assessing implementation and literacy achievement in a multilingual environment," Int. J. Educ. Dev., vol. 109, p. 103108, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2024.103108
H. P. Bui, Applied Linguistics and Language Education Research Methods. in Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, IGI Global, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2603-9
F. Sanjakdar and M. W. Apple, Engaging Critical Pedagogy in Education. London: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003307570
N. John Albury, "Beyond economy and culture: language-in-education preferences of Malaysian youth," Curr. Issues Lang. Plan., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 301-319, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2019.1680161
K. Bolton, W. Botha, and B. Lin, The Routledge Handbook of English-Medium Instruction in Higher Education. London: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003011644
S. Hawa, Suryani, R. Susiani, E. Dauyah, and A. H. Majid, "University students' perception toward the use of the mother tongue in the EFL classroom," Stud. English Lang. Educ., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1094-1110, 2021. https://doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i3.19870
C. McKinney, P. Makoe, and V. Zavala, The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism. London: Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003214908
A. Grieve, A. Rouhshad, E. Petraki, A. Bechaz, and D. W. Dai, "Nursing and midwifery students' ethical views on the acceptability of using AI machine translation software to write university assignments: A deficit-oriented or translanguaging perspective?," J. English Acad. Purp., vol. 70, p. 101379, Jul. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2024.101379
J. Rosak-Szyrocka, J. Żywiołek, A. Nayyar, and M. Naved, The Role of Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in Education Improvement. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003425779
G. J. Ajamu et al., "Online Teaching Sustainability and Strategies during the COVID-19 Epidemic," in The Role of Sustainability and Artificial Intelligence in Education Improvement, Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023, pp. 106-132. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003425779-6
S. Dhakal, C. N. Panta, S. K. Wagle, and S. Dhungana, "Decolonising Educational Leadership in Nepal: An Advocacy for Revisiting Eurocentric Legacy and Promoting Epistemic Indigeneity," in Decolonizing Educational Knowledge, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024, pp. 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55688-3_6
A. E. Lopez and H. Singh, Decolonizing Educational Knowledge: International Perspectives and Contestations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55688-3
K. Dooley, F. Peng, S. Neville, and J. McKibbin, "Mind the gap: A scoping review of skills gaps for graduates in the creative industries," Arts Humanit. High. Educ., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 330-349, Oct. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/14740222241276166
T. R. Esnard, Pursuing Social Justice Agendas in Caribbean Higher Education. New York: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003427520
A. H. Makura and B. I. Omodan, "Re-membering the dismembered in university 'politics of process': Strategies for women's empowerment and inclusivity in academic leadership," Interdiscip. J. Soc. Stud., vol. 4, pp. 1-16, Feb. 2024. https://doi.org/10.38140/ijss-2024.vol4.02
Y. Zhang, "The effect of silence and dual-band fusion in anti-spoofing system," 2021. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2021-1281
S. Zhang, "Psychoanalysis: The Influence of Freud's Theory in Personality Psychology," 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200425.051
D. Chibvembe, H. Daka, and M. L. M. Hagane, "Experiences of Women in Managerial Positions in the Education System. A Case Study of Selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka District, Zambia.," Int. J. Res. Sci. Innov., vol. X, no. XI, pp. 177-187, 2023. https://doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2023.1011015
N. N. Wane, Education, Colonial Sickness. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40262-3
Y. Zhao, "Understanding university students' perceptions and attributions in linguistically diverse mathematics classrooms," 2024.
M. Heitmayer and R. Schimmelpfennig, "Netiquette as Digital Social Norms," Int. J. Human-Computer Interact., vol. 40, no. 13, pp. 3334-3354, Jul. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2188534
O. Y. Pamungkas, L. Ma'rifataini, W. Warnis, F. Zuhrah, D. Purwoko, and A. Al Masjid, "Exploring the Cultural Significance of Javanese Literature: A Study of Mantras," Int. J. Soc. Cult. Lang., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 138-149, 2024. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2024.2025848.3440
M. H. M. Khair, M. H. A. Rani, M. Billah, A. M. Hussain, and M. S. A. Ghani, "An Integrated Framework for Providing Access to Orphan Works in Malaysia," 2024, pp. 323-334. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-352-8_25
A. A. Dia, "Teaching and Learning English in the Digital Era: Opportunities and Challenges," Proc. Int. Conf. Res. Teach. Educ., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13-25, May 2024. https://doi.org/10.33422/rteconf.v1i1.183
A. P. Henry, "Narratives That Perpetuate, Narratives That Disrupt, and Narratives That Heal: One Teacher's Exploration of Decoloniality," Antioch University.
S. Mortensen, "Rightless rurality: the illegalization of Myanmar migrant laborers in Thailand's agro-industry," J. Peasant Stud., vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 1508-1529, Nov. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2024.2340648
S. Theys, The Soft Power of Non-Western Small States: The Cases of Bhutan and Qatar. Taylor & Francis, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003429517
C. de Brey et al., "Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2018," Natl. Cent. Educ. Stat., vol. NCES 2019, p. 181, 2019. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019038.pdf
R. S. Graham, S. G. Humer, C. S. Lee, and V. Nagy, The Routledge International Handbook of Online Deviance. London: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003277675
K. Ikegami, Professional Needs for Teachers Implementing Value-Creating Education. Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003307037-11
D. Golding and K. Kopsick, "The colonial governmentality of Cambridge Assessment International Education," Eur. Educ. Res. J., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 261-286, Mar. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041221125027
M. Hase Ueta, "From Scarcity Memories Towards Alternative Futures: Intergenerational Dialogues in the Global South," in Book of Abstracts XX ISA World Congress of Sociology, International Sociological Association, 2023, p. 302. https://edepot.wur.nl/645298
B. Wilson and S. A. Osman, The Asian Family in Literature and Film. in Asia-Pacific and Literature in English, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2500-7
B. Yuan and X. Tian, "Academic women's negotiation of gender identities in non-elite Chinese universities," Front. Psychol., vol. 14, Mar. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1083203
E. C. Onwubiko and I. E. Okeke, "Citation Analysis of serials in Postgraduate Research Theses and Dissertations of Library and Information Science of Public universities in Southeast, Nigeria," Int. J. Libr. Inf. Sci. Stud., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 13-44, 2023. https://doi.org/10.37745/ijliss.15/vol9n41344
E. E. Adegbija, Multilingualism: A Nigerian case study. Africa World Press, 2004.
G. Benjamin and C. Chou, Eds., Tribal communities in the Malay world: Historical, cultural and social perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812306104
A. K. Raina, "Democracy and Minorities in a Plural Society: A Malaysia Case Study," Monash University, 2015.
M. Maharam, "Between national cinemas: reframing films from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore," The University of Nottingham, 2021.
J. Hendrickx and M. Opgenhaffen, "Introduction: Understanding Social Media Journalism," Journal. Stud., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 919-930, Jul. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2368861
T. L. Sandel and B. "Jenny" Ju, "Social Media, Culture, and Communication," in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, Oxford University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.758
N. Rane, A. Achari, and S. P. Choudhary, "Enhancing Customer Loyalty Through Quality of Service: Effective Strategies To Improve Customer Satisfaction, Experience, Relationship, and Engagement," Int. Res. J. Mod. Eng. Technol. Sci., May 2023. https://doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS38104
Y. Liu, P. Zhang, L. Shi, and J. Gong, "A Survey of Information Dissemination Model, Datasets, and Insight," Mathematics, vol. 11, no. 17, p. 3707, Aug. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11173707
A. Olenina, A. Bamberger, and O. Mun, "Classed and gendered internationalisation of research and knowledge production: a critical analysis of international doctoral students in the UK (1998-2016)," Int. Stud. Sociol. Educ., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 443-465, Apr. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2021.2008266
K. E. James, "Decolonizing Methodologies and the Reversal of Colonial Logic," Adv. Appl. Sociol., vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 850-867, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4236/aasoci.2023.1311049
D. Kaufmann and M. Walz, "Irregular Migration and the City," in Urban Studies, Oxford University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780190922481-0067
A. Lundberg et al., "Decolonizing the Tropics: Part One," eTropic Electron. J. Stud. Trop., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1-28, Jul. 2023. https://doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.1.2023.3998
Ş. Sabah and T. Choudhry, Digital Storytelling - Content and Application. Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105388
A. Laucuka, "Communicative Functions of Hashtags," Econ. Cult., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 56-62, Jun. 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2018-0006
C. Divakalala and V. Bal, "'Decolonising socio-political consciousness': second-generation LGBTQIA+ South Asian experiences of finding the self and community in Aotearoa New Zealand," South Asian Diaspora, pp. 1-17, Apr. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2024.2345427
A. Bilz, L. A. Shepherd, and G. I. Johnson, "Tainted love: A systematic review of online romance fraud," ArXiv, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwad048
E. S. Vieira, M. Madaleno, and J. Teodósio, Eds., Perspectives on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market. in Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, IGI Global, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5981-2
D. Kurz et al., "Socio-ecological factors shape the distribution of a cultural keystone species (bearded pig, Sus barbatus) in Malaysian Borneo," Sep. 14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.32942/OSF.IO/D49GT
L. Sun, "Cultivating critical global citizens through secondary EFL education: a case study of mainland China," Literacy, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 249-261, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12314
S. Alshehri, "The Relationship between Language and Identity," Int. J. Linguist. Lit. Transl., vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 156-161, Jul. 2023. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.7.14
N. A. Alyami, "Readings in Language Shift Studies from the Past to the Present: Review Article," Int. J. Linguist. Lit. Transl., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 21-41, May 2023. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.6.3
E. Adegbija, "Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sociolinguistic Overview," Electron. J. English as a Second Lang., vol. 2, no. 2, 1996.
T. Skutnabb-Kangas, "Linguistic human rights and teachers of English," in The Sociopolitics of English Language Teaching, Multilingual Matters, 2000, pp. 22-44. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781800417984-005
E. Balla, "Impact of Technology in Acquisition of English Language," J. Educ. Soc. Res., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 134, Jan. 2023. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0012
J. Kapica-Curzytek, "English as a Global Language of Civilization. Educational Dilemmas about the Approach to Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language," e-Pedagogium, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 56-62, Feb. 2010. https://doi.org/10.5507/epd.2010.008
R. Phillipson, "Linguistic Imperialism," in The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, Wiley, 2018, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0718.pub2
G. Giannoukos, "Main Learning Theories in Education," Eur. J. Contemp. Educ. E-Learning, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 93-100, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejceel.2024.2(5).06
I. Moll and V. Naiker, "Learning Theories in TVET Pedagogy," 2024, pp. 163-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58206-6_9
G. T. Cirella, L. Tao, and S. Mohamed, "An application of an adaptive quantitative method to measure the sustainability of the Gold Coast, Australia," J. Coast. Res., vol. 50, no. sp1, Jun. 2007. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCR-SI50-011.1
Mustafa Ayobami Raji, Hameedat Bukola Olodo, Timothy Tolulope Oke, Wilhelmina Afua Addy, Onyeka Chrisanctus Ofodile, and Adedoyin Tolulope Oyewole, "Real-time data analytics in retail: A review of USA and global practices," GSC Adv. Res. Rev., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 059-065, Mar. 2024. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2024.18.3.0089
C. Cohen, S. Pignata, E. Bezak, M. Tie, and J. Childs, "Workplace interventions to improve well-being and reduce burnout for nurses, physicians and allied healthcare professionals: a systematic review," BMJ Open, vol. 13, no. 6, p. e071203, Jun. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071203
L. R. Sandmann and D. O. Jones, Building the Field of Higher Education Engagement. New York: Routledge, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003443353
R. A. Cruz, A. R. Firestone, and M. Love, "Beyond a seat at the table: imagining educational equity through critical inclusion," Educ. Rev., vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 69-95, Jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.2173726
K. Efron and L. Mori, "Deconstructing Imperialism in English Language Teaching with Alter-Globalization Community in Education," Int. J. Soc. Sci. Hum. Res., vol. 06, no. 04, Apr. 2023. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i4-31
A. F. Selvi, "The myopic focus on decoloniality in applied linguistics and English language education: citations and stolen subjectivities," Appl. Linguist. Rev., Feb. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2024-0011
E. Ordem, "Deconstructing neoliberalism through critical reflection, participatory and emancipatory action research in second language learning and teaching," Multicult. Learn. Teach., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 125-142, Mar. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1515/mlt-2020-0004
A. Abodunrin, J. Chan, and S. Maitra, "A Decolonial Perspective on Adult Immigrant English Language Training in the Global North," 2023, pp. 135-148. https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0253-4.16
D. O. Okocha, M. Yousaf, and M. Onobe, Handbook of Research on Deconstructing Culture and Communication in the Global South. in Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, IGI Global, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8093-9
L. Afolalu, "I'm Still Nigerian: Navigating Race Through Digital Literacies," J. Lit. Res., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 268-297, Sep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X241273989
J. O. Arowosegbe, "History and the Development of Historical Scholarship in Africa," Hist. Afr., pp. 1-25, Aug. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2024.3
A. G. Ignacio and P. S. Paras, "A Critical Analysis of Epistemological and Ontological Assumptions in Constructivism," 2024, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5483-4.ch001
D. T. N. Ngan and M. Hercz, "Correction: Validity and Reliability of Cognitive Constructivism-Oriented Teaching Conception Questionnaire," Asia-Pacific Educ. Res., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 127-127, Feb. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00731-3
T. Tudoroiu, China's Two Identities. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2883-1
Z. Montecillo, "Constructivism: Philosophy and Psychology of a Pedagogy," SSRN Electron. J., 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4780863
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Azidah Abu Ziden, Adu Emmanuel Ifedayo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.