Tingkat dan Determinan E-Participation Warga Negara dalam Pengawasan Kebijakan Publik Digital: Studi Empiris pada Kota Metro, Indonesia

The digital transformation of government has opened new spaces for citizens to participate in public policy oversight, no longer limited to conventional face-to-face mechanisms. This study analyzes the patterns, levels, and determinants of citizens' digital participation in public policy oversight, with a research locus in Metro City, Lampung Province, a city whose Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) index has consistently improved from a "fair" category in 2021 to "very good" in 2024. A descriptive quantitative approach supported by documentary study was applied to 210 purposively selected respondents from five sub-districts. Findings show that 46% of respondents remain at the e-information stage, 31% have reached the e-consultation stage through complaint channels such as SP4N-LAPOR! and local government social media, only 9% are genuinely engaged at the e-decision-making stage, and 14% have not participated digitally at all. Digital literacy, the availability and integration of participation channels, and citizens' trust in government responsiveness are identified as the main determinants of effective digital participation. These results indicate that infrastructure development alone  as reflected by the rising SPBE index is not sufficient to move citizens beyond passive information access toward substantive involvement in decision-making. This implies that local governments must pair technical infrastructure investment with non-technical interventions: digital literacy education for vulnerable groups, cross-agency integration of complaint channels, and transparent follow-up mechanisms. Practically, these findings can guide Metro City and similarly SPBE-advanced local governments in Indonesia in redesigning digital participation strategies so that gains in e-government infrastructure translate into genuine citizen engagement in public policy oversight.