Pengorganisasian Kurikulum Merdeka Dalam Mengembangkan Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Siswa Sekolah Menengah Di Indonesia: Systematic Literature Review
Article Integrity
Article Metrics
327
Article Views
158
PDF Downloads
0
Crossref Citations
Abstract
The organization of the Merdeka Curriculum has emerged as a significant factor in fostering the development of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among secondary school students in Indonesia. This study seeks to analyze and synthesize findings from previous research concerning the organization of the Merdeka Curriculum in enhancing students’ HOTS through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The research was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Data were collected from various national and international scientific publications issued between 2021 and 2026 that discuss the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum and the development of HOTS. Despite these positive findings, the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum still encounters several challenges, such as limited teacher competence in designing HOTS-based learning, insufficient technological infrastructure, and varying levels of school readiness. Consequently, stronger policy support, continuous professional development programs for teachers, and comprehensive improvements in the education system are necessary to ensure that HOTS development through the Merdeka Curriculum can be implemented effectively, consistently, and sustainably.
References
1
[1] L. W. Anderson and D. R. Krathwohl, A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York, NY, USA: Longman, 2001.
2
[2] S. M. Brookhart, How to Assess Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Alexandria, VA, USA: ASCD, 2010.
3
[3] F. Handayani and M. Syukur, “Implementasi Pembelajaran Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) di MA Negeri 1 Watansoppeng,” Pinisi Journal of Sociology Education Review, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 127–135, 2021. https://doi.org/10.26858/pjser.v1i1
4
[4] J. E. Aoun, Robot-Proof: Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11456.001.0001
5
[5] Kemenristek, Kajian Akademik Kurikulum Merdeka. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Standar, Kurikulum, dan Asesmen Pendidikan, Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia, 2022.
6
[6] D. Rahmadayanti and A. Hartoyo, “Jurnal basicedu,” Jurnal Basicedu, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7174–7187, 2022. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.3431
7
[7] OECD, PISA 2022 Results: Learning During and From Disruption, vol. II. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2022.
8
[8] N. S. Rejeki, F. W. Ginting, H. Sakdiah, P. Fisika, and U. Malikussaleh, “Analisis kemampuan Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) siswa pada materi suhu dan kalor ditinjau dari lingkungan belajar,” Publication by Physical Society of Indonesia, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1–7, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24815/jacps.v14i2.44513
9
[9] H. Taba, Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice. New York, NY, USA: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962.
10
[10] A. Ikoh, I. Rosmiati, I. Khadijah, and U. Suherman, “Implementasi pengorganisasian kurikulum dalam Kurikulum Merdeka,” Ta’dib: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Isu-Isu Sosial, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 264–275, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.iaihpancor.ac.id/index.php/tadib/article/view/2892
11
[11] A. C. Ornstein and F. P. Hunkins, Curriculum: Foundations, Principles, and Issues, 7th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Pearson, 2018.
12
[12] J. Ilmiah and W. Pendidikan, “Model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa,” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, vol. 9, no. 24, pp. 1055–1066, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10727024
13
[13] J. Dewey, Experience and Education. New York, NY, USA: Macmillan, 1938.
14
[14] S. A. M. Putri, N. Utari, S. P. K. Simatupang, G. R. Simanjutak, and M. Saputra, “Kurikulum Satuan Pendidikan: Konsep, tantangan, dan evaluasi dalam dunia pendidikan Indonesia,” Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia, Fisika, dan Biologi, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 51–60, 2025. https://doi.org/10.61132/jupenkifb.v1i6.771
15
[15] B. Setiyadi, D. Febianti, M. D. Azilla, and N. A. Pratiwi, “Analisis kesiapan guru dalam implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka di SDN 187 Teratai,” Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 6494–6498, 2023. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i9.2769
16
[16] S. Mtisi, “The qualitative case study research strategy as applied on a rural enterprise development doctoral research project,” International Journal of Qualitative Methods, vol. 21, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221145849
17
[17] H. Snyder, “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines,” Journal of Business Research, vol. 104, pp. 333–339, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
18
[18] J. W. Creswell and C. N. Poth, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2018.
19
[19] J. W. Creswell and J. D. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE Publications, 2022.
20
[20] M. J. Page et al., “The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews,” BMJ, vol. 372, p. n71, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
21
[21] M. R. Musyaffa and Atno, “Jurnal pendidikan IPS,” Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 730–739, 2025. https://doi.org/10.37630/jpi.v15i3.3306
22
[22] Y. Handayani, E. Asia, and S. Hidayat, “Peningkatan kemampuan High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) melalui Project-Based Learning (PjBL) dalam implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka,” PTK: Jurnal Tindakan Kelas, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 48–60, 2023. https://doi.org/10.53624/ptk.v4i1.236
23
[23] A. R. Wahyudi and S. Adipitoyo, “Meningkatkan kemampuan Higher Order Thinking Skill siswa kelas X pada materi teks wayang melalui Project Based Learning,” Khatulistiwa: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 93–107, 2025. https://doi.org/10.55606/khatulistiwa.v4i4.7469
24
[24] N. Jannah, H. Wadi, and I. Malik, “Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka dalam mengintegrasikan kemampuan HOTS dan scientific approach pada mata pelajaran sosiologi di MAN 2 Mataram,” Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2620–8326, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://researchhub.id/index.php/Khatulistiwa/article/view/7469
25
[25] Tasrif, “Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) dalam pembelajaran social studies di sekolah menengah atas,” Jurnal Pembangunan Pendidikan: Fondasi dan Aplikasi, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 50–61, 2023. https://doi.org/10.21831/jppfa.v10i1.29490
26
[26] A. Azis, I. Rahim, and R. Herdiani, “Perbandingan kualitas integrasi HOTS dalam buku teks Bahasa Indonesia SMA: Evaluasi berbasis Kurikulum 2013 dan Kurikulum Merdeka,” Indonesian Language Education and Literature, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 483–501, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24235/ileal.v10i2.18656
27
[27] O. Rachmadita and Y. D. Kurino, “Analisis penguatan berpikir tingkat tinggi (HOTS) melalui strategi pembelajaran diferensiasi dalam implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka,” Journal of Innovation in Primary Education, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 70–77, 2025.
28
[28] S. Nadhiroh and I. Anshori, “Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam,” Fitrah: Journal of Islamic Education, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 56–68, 2023. https://doi.org/10.53802/fitrah.v4i1.292
29
[29] S. Wahdi, M. Rizqi, A. Syuhada, and U. Ridlo, “Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab berbasis Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) pada Kurikulum Merdeka,” Jurnal At-Ta’bir: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 137–152, 2025. https://doi.org/10.59829/7ydfcz22
30
[30] C. E. Hmelo-Silver, “Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn?,” Educational Psychology Review, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 235–266, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3
31
[31] S. Bell, D. Urhahne, S. Schanze, and R. Ploetzner, “Collaborative inquiry learning: Models, tools, and challenges,” International Journal of Science Education, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 349–377, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690802582241
32
[32] J. Piaget, The Psychology of the Child. New York, NY, USA: Basic Books, 1972.
33
[33] L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
34
[34] L. Darling-Hammond, L. Flook, C. Cook-Harvey, B. Barron, and D. Osher, “Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development,” Applied Developmental Science, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 97–140, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791
35
[35] C. A. Tomlinson, How to Differentiate Instruction in Mixed-Ability Classrooms, 2nd ed. Alexandria, VA, USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2001.
36
[36] P. Black and D. Wiliam, “Assessment and classroom learning,” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 7–74, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969595980050102
37
[37] J. W. Thomas, A Review of Research on Project-Based Learning. San Rafael, CA, USA: Autodesk Foundation, 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.bie.org/research/study/research_pbl
38
[38] OECD, The Future of Education and Skills: Education 2030. Paris, France: OECD, 2018.
39
[39] P. Mishra and M. J. Koehler, “Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge,” Teachers College Record, vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 1017–1054, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x
40
[40] W. Pratami, A. D. Charolina, E. S. Nirwana, W. Intan, R. Heriyani, and R. M. Dewi, “Jurnal basicedu,” Jurnal Basicedu, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1739–1747, 2025. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v9i6.10806
41
[41] UNESCO, Global Education Monitoring Report 2020: Inclusion and Education: All Means All. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/report/2020/inclusion
42
[42] United Nations, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York, NY, USA: United Nations, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
License
Copyright (c) 2026 diyan Firmansyah, Agus Pahrudin, Sri Rahmi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Article Information
Published
2026-06-18
Issue
Article Tools
Citation Impact
Crossref Cited-by
0
citations
Counted from citation links between Crossref-registered works.
Last checked 18 Sep 2026.
